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Early Modern DiplomacyThe <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peace</a> negotiations conducted by <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/London" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#London</a> in 1629/30, which resulted in the peace treaty between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spain</a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/England" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#England</a>, marked the peak of Rubens's diplomatic career. Although he was not allowed to sign the peace treaty himself - a high-ranking Spanish envoy, Don Carlos Coloma, was sent from <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Madrid" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Madrid</a> to London especially for this purpose in 1630 - Rubens was knighted by King Charles I of England at the farewell audience. On the one hand, the example of Rubens shows how strongly <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> was tied to rank and ceremonial, but at the same time how dependent it was on informal actors and scopes of action in order to function. The meaning of informality for <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#diplomacy</a> is discussed in a special issue of the journal FrühneuzeitInfo, edited by Elisabeth Lobenwein and Eva Ortlieb: <a href="https://iefn.univie.ac.at/frhneuzeit-info/fruehneuzeit-info-33-2022informalitaet-in-der-fruehen-neuzeit/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank">https://iefn.univie.ac.at/frhneuzeit-info/fruehneuzeit-info-33-2022informalitaet-in-der-fruehen-neuzeit/</a> (6/6) <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NewDiplomaticHistory</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#histodons</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#history</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AdventCalendar</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#AdventCalendar2024</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a>

Early Modern DiplomacyAfter the goal of negotiating <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peace</a> between the southern and northern <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Netherlands" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Netherlands</a> in secret proved unattainable, <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> became involved in the efforts to bring about a peace treaty between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spain</a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/England" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#England</a> from 1627. On behalf of Archduchess Isabella, Rubens made contact with the art agent of the Duke of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Buckingham" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Buckingham</a> who later also entered the service of the English king. Rubens met him under the guise of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/art" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#art</a> business and artist visits. The aim was to persuade the United Provinces of the Netherlands to make peace through peace between Spain and England. In preparation for the negotiations in England, Rubens was now officially installed as a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomat</a>; he travelled to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Madrid" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Madrid</a>, where he was not appointed <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/envoy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#envoy</a>, which his low rank did not allow, but negotiator. The Spanish king awarded him the title of 'Secretary of the Privy Council of the Netherlands'. (5/6)<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NewDiplomaticHistory</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceResearch" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HistoricalPeaceResearch</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adventCalendar</a><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a>

Early Modern DiplomacyBetween 1623 and 1629 <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> was repeatedly involved in diplomatic activities. Isabella of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spain</a> made use of his standing and popularity as an artist to pursue inofficial <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a>. By sending her <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/court" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#court</a> painter she expanded her scope of action without being bound by formal ceremonies, alliances or Spanish politics. In the secret negotiations that Isabella conducted in the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Netherlands" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Netherlands</a> against the wishes of the Spanish King Philip IV, Rubens operated within a network of personal, family and business relationships. On the one hand, this facilitated diplomatic exchange, as there were no regular diplomatic relations between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Brussels" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Brussels</a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/TheHague" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TheHague</a>, and on the other, it ensured the necessary secrecy towards the Spanish court. However, the attempts of concluding <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/peace" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#peace</a> between the different parts of the Netherlands failed. (4/6) <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NewDiplomaticHistory</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/CourtStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#CourtStudies</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceResearch" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HistoricalPeaceResearch</a> #<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adventCalendar2024</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#history</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#histodon</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a>

Early Modern DiplomacyAfter his return to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Antwerp" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Antwerp</a> in 1609, <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> was appointed <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/court" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#court</a> painter of Albert VII of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Austria" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Austria</a> and his wife Isabella Clara Eugenia of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spain</a>, the sovereigns of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Habsburg" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Habsburg</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Netherlands" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Netherlands</a>. However, he once again combined his artistic activities with <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a>. During his stay in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Paris" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Paris</a> due to his work on the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Medici" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Medici</a> cycle he also collected (secret) information, a core tasks of all <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#diplomats</a>, thus acting as “noble spy” as <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomats</a> also were called. (3/6)<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NewDiplomaticHistory</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/courtStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#courtStudies</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adventCalendar</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adventCalendar2024</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#history</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a>

Early Modern Diplomacy<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> was the son of Flemish refugees in the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HRE" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#HRE</a>. He was born in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Siegen" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Siegen</a> in 1577. Later his family moved back to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Antwerp" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Antwerp</a>. Rubens received a humanist education. In 1592 he began his apprenticeship as an artist which he concluded six years later. Between 1600 and 1608 he stayed in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Italy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Italy</a>. During this time, in 1603, he was dispatched on his first diplomatic mission. On the commission of the Duke of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Gonzaga" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Gonzaga</a>, he handed over gifts to king Philip III of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Spain" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Spain</a>. However, he used his stay there to deepen and refine his artistic skills through studying the royal art collection. (2/6)<a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#emdiplomacy</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#earlymodern</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NewDiplomaticHistory</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#histodons</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#history</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/courtStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#courtStudies</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adventCalendar</a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#adventCalendar2024</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@histodons</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@earlymodern</a> <a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@historikerinnen</a>

Oona is pushing paint aroundmore <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/museum" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#museum</a> souvenirs from Cologne, this time looking at <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> through a <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/DynamicSketching" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#DynamicSketching</a> lense. <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/MastoArt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#MastoArt</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/OldMasters" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#OldMasters</a>

mythologyandhistoryDid you know that Rubens' famously abundant <a href="https://mas.to/tags/women" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#women</a> were modeled after <a href="https://mas.to/tags/horses" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#horses</a>?Women should have firm & fleshy buttocks & a small stomach, with plump thighs & a long, broad neck - that's what he wrote in his notes.That's also how he described horses. And like horses, he believed women to be vain & absorbed in their own silhouettes.<a href="https://mas.to/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> also believed that the ideal <a href="https://mas.to/tags/body" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#body</a> belonged to the <a href="https://mas.to/tags/Ancient" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Ancient</a> <a href="https://mas.to/tags/Romans" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Romans</a> & <a href="https://mas.to/tags/Greeks" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Greeks</a> & that human <a href="https://mas.to/tags/beauty" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#beauty</a> had since declined.<a href="https://mas.to/tags/art" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#art</a> <a href="https://mas.to/tags/horsesofmastodon" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#horsesofmastodon</a>

AmiW Streetart ❄️🏙️ Guten Abend... Gute Nacht / <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/GoodEvening" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#GoodEvening</a>... <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Goodnight" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Goodnight</a> 🌠 Artist: <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/NinaPelirroja" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#NinaPelirroja</a> in City: <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/TheHague" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#TheHague</a> Melis Stokelaan 670, - Title: untitled (for <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/MauritshuisMuseum" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#MauritshuisMuseum</a> ) - <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Streetart" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Streetart</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Art" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Art</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Mastoart" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Mastoart</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Mural" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Mural</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/DenHaag" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#DenHaag</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Breughel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Breughel</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Deer" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Deer</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/BirdOfParadise" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#BirdOfParadise</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/GuteNacht" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#GuteNacht</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Traum" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Traum</a> <a href="https://mastodon.online/tags/Dream" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Dream</a> 🌟 👋

History of Art"Old Woman and Boy with Candles" by Peter Paul Rubens. Rubens painted this panel in Antwerp, a few years after returning from Italy. It was certainly never intended for sale. He probably made it as an example for his pupils: ‘Look, this is what Caravaggio would do’. <a href="https://stellar-art.pixels.com/featured/old-woman-and-boy-with-candles-peter-paul-rubens-1617.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://stellar-art.pixels.com/featured/old-woman-and-boy-with-candles-peter-paul-rubens-1617.html</a><a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/art" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#art</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/arthistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#arthistory</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/masterpiece" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#masterpiece</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/Rubens" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#Rubens</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/MastoArt" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#MastoArt</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/light" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#light</a> <a href="https://mastodon.art/tags/painting" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#painting</a>

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