Early Modern Diplomacy<p>However, the friendship between <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Pope</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/elephant" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>elephant</span></a> was short-lived: In June 1516, Hanno fell seriously ill; he could barely breathe and had convulsions. Pope Leo called in his own doctors, who diagnosed angina due to the shortness of breath. The animal was also suffering from constipation, and the doctors decided to treat it with a laxative, which, in accordance with common <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> practice, was enriched with a large amount of gold and administered to the elephant in a high dosage in view of its size. The treatment was ineffective; the animal died on 8 June 1516 and was interred in the Cortile del Belvedere. His skeletal was discovered in 1962 during construction work on the cooling system. In contrary to first assumptions it did not belong to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/dinosaur" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>dinosaur</span></a> but an elephant. (5/8)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
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Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>pope</span></a> affection for his exotic pet manifested itself in various ways: <br>1) He showed it in occasional public performances in which the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/elephant" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>elephant</span></a> bowed and knelt when called upon, sprayed water around, danced to music and apparently performed all kinds of tricks. <br>2) This affection is expressed in the stories of spectators who saw the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Pope</span></a> playing with Hanno on a Sunday when the public was allowed to visit the enclosure and noticed the Pope's devoted clumsiness. <br>3) Out of concern for Hanno's health, the Pope refused to lend the elephant to relatives elsewhere. (4/8) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Hanno was a white elephant that was gifted to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Pope</span></a> Leo X upon his election by the Manuel I, king of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Portugal" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Portugal</span></a>.</p><p>However, Hanno was not the first <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/elephant" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>elephant</span></a> within <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a>. We can trace the tradition of sending elephants as diplomatic gifts back to the year 800. It became a regular custom first in the 13th century. </p><p>Diplomatic gifts and especially exotic gifts or animals were quite common during the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> period. They should reflect or even enhance both the giver’s and receiver’s honour and rank. </p><p><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110672008-035/html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">degruyter.com/document/doi/10.</span><span class="invisible">1515/9783110672008-035/html</span></a> </p><p> (2/8) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>We want to conclude this year’s <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> with a very special <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Hanno (1510-1516) (1/8) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich promoted Ordin-Nashchokin to the rank of ‘conciliar courtier’. Having concluded the Andrusovo armistice with <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Poland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Poland</span></a> in 1667, which was beneficial for <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a>, he was granted the rank of boyar and Keeper of the Seal, later on becoming the Head of the Ambassadorial Chancery. Thus, the case of Ordin-Nashchokin who came from provincial gentry and had an extraordinary career was especially important as he received this post due to his personal achievements in the field of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a>. </p><p>If you want to learn more about the development of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> Russian <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>diplomacy</span></a>, we recommend the article by Maria A. Petrova in the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> handbook: </p><p><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110672008-014/html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">degruyter.com/document/doi/10.</span><span class="invisible">1515/9783110672008-014/html</span></a> </p><p>(6/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>First in 1656 Ordin-Nashchokin could be traced in another diplomatic occupation. He facilitated negotiations that led to the conclusion of a treaty of an alliance with <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Courland" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Courland</span></a> and in 1658 the Treaty of Valiesar with <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a> which left <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> in the positions of the territories that it had conquered in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Livonia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Livonia</span></a> during the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/SecondNorthernWar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>SecondNorthernWar</span></a> for three years. Moreover, Russia promised not to carry out mass deportations of Lutherans from these territories. Two years later, in 1660, he also participated in the negotiations leading to the peace of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Kardis" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Kardis</span></a> that turned the Valiesar treaty into a permanent peace. (5/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The extension and intensification of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a>’s international contacts in the 17th century enhanced the status of the Ambassadorial Chancery that was also in charge of managing a number of cities, monasteries and several territorial chanceries. Since 1667 boyars (members of the highest rank of feudal nobility) rather than ‘conciliar secretaries’ were often appointed to head the missions; as an example, one should name Afanasii Ordin-Nashchokin (1605–1680), our <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day! (3/3)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>The greater part of this work was done by secretaries and undersecretaries who corresponded in Russian. The Ambassadorial Chancery also had a number of translators and interpreters. These positions were often occupied by subjects of foreign states who entered the Russian service or less often Russians released from captivity. </p><p>Moreover, although noble origin was a prerequisite for the appointment of a Russian <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>, aristocrats often lacked appropriate skills. Therefore, since the middle of the 16th century the head of mission had a deputy drawn from the staff of the Ambassadorial Chancery – an experienced secretary or undersecretary, sometimes employee of other chanceries, who was responsible for negotiation itself & paperwork. A century later ‘conciliar secretaries’ were included into the most representative missions and could even head them. (2/6) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a></p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Afansii Ordin-Nashchokin (1605-1680) <br> </p><p>1549 marks the birth of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> Russian foreign office. Founded by tsar Ivan IV the institution developed into the Ambassadorial Chancery during the latter half of the 16th century. </p><p>The Ambassadorial Chancery was responsible for organising the reception of foreign <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/embassies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>embassies</span></a>, conducting preliminary negotiations, drawing up instructions for Russian <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomats</span></a> and working with their reports, registering foreign merchants and artisans living in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Russia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Russia</span></a>, managing <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Moscow" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Moscow</span></a> settlements inhabited by them and special courtyards for receiving <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>diplomats</span></a>. (1/6)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>If you want to read about Brunell, the 159 Swedish soldiers and sailors, see the article by our co-editor (in German): </p><p>Dorothée Goetze, Von Seeleuten, Schwiegervätern und anderen Schwierigkeiten: Quellenfunde zum Schicksal schwedischer Matrosen und Soldaten im Großen Nordischen Krieg, In: Stadt - Land - Militär: Militärorganisation - Festungen - Einquartierung - Wahrnehmung. Schweden und seine deutschen Provinzen im 17. Jahrhundert und 18. Jahrhundert, ed. by Dorothée Goetze and Nils Jörn, Hamburg 2022, 233-258 (5/5) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>After the Charles XII’s death in 1719, as many as 159 Swedish soldiers and sailors were transferred to Hesse-Kassel. They were quartered and supplied at the expenses of the landgrave, but resident Brunell had to communicate between the two parts. Moreover, he had to figure out a plan how to bring these soldiers and sailors back to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a> as soon as possible. And, last but not least, he had to negotiate with the landgrave on support for his daughter-in-law, the new queen of Sweden. </p><p>This example sheds light not only on the very poorly researched connection between military issues and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> as well as how <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomats</span></a> sometimes were forced to solve exceptional situations. (4/5) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Hesse" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Hesse</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/courtStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>courtStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a><br> <br><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Brunell’s stationing in Hesse-Kassel coincided with the last years of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/GreatNorthernWar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>GreatNorthernWar</span></a>. After the Swedish territories in the north of the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HRE" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>HRE</span></a> had been occupied by <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a>’s enemies in 1715, a huge number of Swedish soldiers and sailors who either lost contact with their units or were escaped prisoners of war, came to Hessen-Kassel to seek help from the Swedish <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/resident" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>resident</span></a> there and the landgrave, the father-in-law to the Swedish king’s sister, to find a way back to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a> or at least Swedish territory. During a five years’ time, the Swedish residents in Hesse-Kassel and especially Brunell were occupied with organising how these people should be handled. Brunell negotiated with the landgrave about passports, money, and provisions. (3/5) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Hesse" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Hesse</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Two years later, Brunell’s career as a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> began with a position as an <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/embassy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>embassy</span></a> secretary in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Berlin" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Berlin</span></a> where he stayed until 1714. In 1716 he was sent to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Kassel" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Kassel</span></a> in the same capacity to assist the Swedish resident in the lantgraviate Hesse-Kassel, Axel Sparre. However, he did not arrive in Kassel before June 1717. After Sparre was recalled in 1719, Brunell was promoted to Swedish resident in Hesse-Kassel and ennobled with the name <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/%C3%96rncrona" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Örncrona</span></a>. Three years later, he was recalled. Back in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Stockholm" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Stockholm</span></a>, Örncrona was appointed royal councillor. Only a few years later, in 1728, his diplomatic career continued when he was appointed Swedish <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/ambassador" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ambassador</span></a> to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Denmark" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Denmark</span></a>, where he died in 1734. (2/5)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/courtStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>courtStudies</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Nils Brunell Örncrona (1673-1734) </p><p>Although we have been presenting a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>diplomat</span></a> every day for the last three weeks, we are not running out of ideas and have more interesting examples of diplomatic actors to fill the last few days before the holidays. </p><p>Today we want to introduce you to Nils Brunell who became a registrar at the Swedish royal chancery after he had concluded his studies at the university of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Uppsala" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Uppsala</span></a> in 1702. It was chancellor Axel Oxenstierna (1583-1654) who introduced the requirement of university studies for future civil servants in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Sweden" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Sweden</span></a>. (1/5) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>However, Chigi felt sorry for himself during his stay in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Westphalia" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Westphalia</span></a> and did not hesitate to tell his employer about the hardships he had to endure. These expressions of suffering were not only testimonies of a <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a>’s feelings but also served a communicative purpose. By reporting on and emphasising his own hardships, the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>diplomat</span></a> was able to present himself as a loyal servant of his master who gave everything to fulfil his mission. This in return could strengthen his relationship with his master, advance his career or lead to other favours. To make his reports more vivid, he even enclosed a slice of pumpernickel in one of his letters.</p><p>If you want to read more of Chigi's thoughts, you can find his diary from the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>WestphalianPeaceCongress</span></a> within the Acta Pacis Westphalica series:</p><p><a href="https://apw.digitale-sammlungen.de/search/start.html?lang=en" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">apw.digitale-sammlungen.de/sea</span><span class="invisible">rch/start.html?lang=en</span></a></p><p> (4/4) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Papal <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> is very unique. One has to differentiate between legations and permanent nunciatures. Papal <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/diplomats" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>diplomats</span></a> – legates as well as nuncios – differed from other secular diplomats, as it was their task to represent the Apostolic See on a spiritual and a secular level. But just like other diplomats papal envoys’ main tasks were representing, negotiating and of course reporting. As Alexander Koller discusses in his article, the first ever comprehensive summary on the development of papal diplomacy: </p><p> <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110672008-008/html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://www.</span><span class="ellipsis">degruyter.com/document/doi/10.</span><span class="invisible">1515/9783110672008-008/html</span></a> </p><p>(3/4) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Chigi descended from a banking family in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Siena" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Siena</span></a>. He studied <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/philosophy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>philosophy</span></a> and <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/theology" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>theology</span></a> there. After his studies he entered the service of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Pope" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Pope</span></a> Urban VIII. as a civilian and became papal <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/ambassador" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>ambassador</span></a> in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Ferrara" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Ferrara</span></a>. First in 1634 he was ordained as a priest. This is when his career in the church started. Already one year later he became bishop of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Nardo" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Nardo</span></a>. In 1639 he was appointed papal nuncio in <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Cologne" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Cologne</span></a>. After the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>WestphalianPeaceCongress</span></a> he was recalled to <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/Rome" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Rome</span></a> and made cardinal. Moreover, he became Secretary of State. In 1655 Chigi was elected pope and chose the name Alexander VII. (2/4) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlyModern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlyModern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomat" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomat</span></a> of the day: Fabio Chigi (1599-1667) </p><p> </p><p>Home of the clouds, so I called you, <br>The ornament of Westphalia (without hurting you) <br>I want to say gently... </p><p>This is how Fabio Chigi’s <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/poem" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>poem</span></a> about the rain in the city of <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/M%C3%BCnster" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Münster</span></a> begins where Chigi stayed during the <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/WestphalianPeaceCongress" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>WestphalianPeaceCongress</span></a> in which he participated as papal mediator. (1/4) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/HistoricalPeaceStudies" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>HistoricalPeaceStudies</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/PoemOfTheDay" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>PoemOfTheDay</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>For more information on Ekeziel Spanheim see: </p><p>Sven Externbrink, Diplomatie und République des Lettres. Ezechiel Spanheim (1629–1710). In: Francia. Forschungen zur Westeuropäischen Geschichte. 34/2, 2007, S. 25–59. (7/7)</p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/RepublicOfLetters" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>RepublicOfLetters</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/NewDiplomaticHistory" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>NewDiplomaticHistory</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/earlymodern" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>earlymodern</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/histodons" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>histodons</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/AdventCalendar" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>AdventCalendar</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
Early Modern Diplomacy<p>Parallel to the network of diplomatic correspondence, which served to inform the ruling <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/courts" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>courts</span></a>, Spanheim established a network of scholarly correspondence that encompassed the whole of Europe. The world in which Spanheim moved was characterised by the internationality of a common European culture. There existed a nobility, also known as the society of princes (Lucien Bély) which was concentrated at the princely courts. Particularly in the era of Louis XIV, scholarly culture was one integral part of this aristocratic society. Scholarship characterised courtly culture, and the monarchs competed to found scientific academies and courted renowned scholars. However, it should be noted that Spanheim was one of the last ‘learned diplomats’ so typical of the of the 16th and 17th centuries. This type was increasingly replaced by the ‘professional diplomat’ in the 18th century. (6/7) </p><p><a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/emdiplomacy" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>emdiplomacy</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/RepublicOfLetters" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>RepublicOfLetters</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/adventCalendar2024" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>adventCalendar2024</span></a> <a href="https://hcommons.social/tags/history" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>history</span></a> </p><p><span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/histodons" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>histodons</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/historikerinnen" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>historikerinnen</span></a></span> <span class="h-card" translate="no"><a href="https://a.gup.pe/u/earlymodern" class="u-url mention" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@<span>earlymodern</span></a></span></p>
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